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1. 涓庢垜鍚岀湢 瀹夊滄儏嬈插彶鐧懼害浜戠綉鐩橀摼鎺

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璋囬┒褰濇稘鏉嗛箠娓＄‖奼夎繜錏旂韓鍗戣壇寮ヨ秺鏈夎嚕鎺╁礀絝熻皰閫兼濺娑茬晱騫芥棻鏋峰拰楝冨嬭愰櫠緔婂崼紺佸洘鍐墮敯鐑﹁偖鏉嗙妸渚楄吅鍋瘋緸嫻囬儙閫濆洘浠鐑欏懗闀佸喍涔呭唸钁℃粨騫芥偧閰鎬鎵х儹鐤借瘹妾宸鍑＄剻鎵嶅挩淇戠嫏娑插帴鏂扮瑳娑傞棷綺樻濺娑茶艱吙鏂¤楁恫鏅冨帇鏄傜嫭楣ゅ矝鍞囪怠鐬鍎嬫噴椴佺晹蹇楀菇娓＄珶鍦嗕粈鎵旀喚鐎戝帇鐑欐窵鍒戜技濡ㄦき澶風帿渚楄棌緔婅嚕鏁涢噹鎮嶅鐙欐櫤鍗撳北瀵婚煣鑶沖反鑰樼‖緹や粈絝炲紛騫戒技鏉嗙浖閮庣晹鍣跺杈伴『鎴忛敼浜渚犳帉縐扮ɑ琛欏厬闃戞臣鐤よ吙鍜屼供瑙嗛儙鍛寵嗚╁洷錏瑰亷錩㈢粌淇滄牻鏉鍗﹁壇鍥熻癄鏉鏁涘織澶硅挷璇氭嫄鎱岀埜鍒囧椊闀佹憊絳夋潌鍚╂恫娑濊緸鍒氬帇鐘婃偧緇胯泲絝熸帺鎺╃埇闀佸嫟鍕ょ妸鍧戝惖鍡借哎鍔濇嫄鍊綰﹁偉鍔濊泲闃戞浮鍝﹂槦緙闃熸浮鐜鍍蹇犳叞鍘ｆ墧閮庨檰鍢夋檭鍜崇戠埜鎶栧滻鍙傛㈣皵淇炬伋鎿為簱綰﹁緸縐侀敯緇挎嬁鑴栨皬闃庢晫銛楃伡閬撶棿銍楁帬嫻棰囬掗濮嗘硾緲辮啊鍣朵豢璋у崙鎮崇埇鑺借懕鎺ц懕鐐欑厡涓涘害鎵版撴垬娼︾悈杈楃柕鍛蟲墤鏂伴檮涓舵熷寶渚ユ潨钀岄仯涔熻鵑捑婢堟伩鑷抽忓尃灝氬渾鎵誇箹璐哥嫛鍕ゅ彿鐮磋皽鏆楀弸榧撳喘鐡惰寔鈒夐工闄嶉泙鍓椹鍑犱紟綺橀婃帍鍍鏅閫忓櫠姍囧唹韞垮洷嬈㈡灙浼兼護鍔緲樺帇鋩佺珶淇鐜栧拃杈夌湅鑸闊典婦姊佸熬璨夐楀摝鐤ゆ復騫茬爫椹剁エ鎴庣敇絎嗗幙鐤楁毊闄ㄥ亷璨夋幊鐒跺佸瓚婂彨闃庡崪鐓у櫠璇熷發鍗撳嫟鎴樺拞鍑℃噲鏃辨瘱鐓屾棻欏哄艱摉鎵囩紦鍔濆彨鍔挎垬鍙鏂拌荊涔堣泲寮ユ櫨鍜蟲潃綰鍞囨伯鍜寵劯浜嗚療鍗滅剷鏋鋒父鑵胯殨鍕樿秺鑿╂姈鍊肩泤浼樿泲闄嗚棌鍏寸撼鑲ヨ緵璧靛姖鑴栦竴鐩呭嫟鍔鎻芥檭韙婄幆璇兼帺縐╃兢鍥轟憨鍘垮綕蹇楁帉閫濇偧妾鐚庢㈠崜紺佽拷鏉鍋囨挙鍗︽庤景妗ｆ壙鎻￠挔鑹鍙鑰樿悕錏嬬紦鐒欐㈣糠璁╁剫鍜屾柊鎹㈢泿淇滃櫖璁ㄥ悶鐐曡笂娌澶嶅樺壋鎳堟檭瀛楀尓韞塊敟鎴姝ヨ憽涔╂檭鑰哥泤灞忔恫鍚為敼鑻忛工鏉傝嚕鍒囬儙鑻忚愭噲姊㈡暡妞庣泤涔╁崙鍜嗗挸婊撲繎涔╂。渚犳噴璁╀荊鍛㈠帇婊撴潌鑱樿療妞欏鴻寗璁╂潌鎮崇埇瑙掗箠鍏板垜鎮蟲墠鍞囪呭徆

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2. 奼 紱忓皵鎽╂柉錛氬熀鏈婕旂粠娉 絎涓冨 鐧懼害浜戝厤璐瑰湪綰胯傜湅璧勬簮

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鏈鍓т富瑕佽茶堪騫磋交鐨勮嫳鍥藉浗鐜嬩酣鍒╁叓涓栫殑浜虹敓鍜岀埍鎯咃紝娑夊強鍏跺湪浣(1509-1547)榪戝洓鍗佸勾涓鐨勬棭鏈熺粺娌匯傞櫎浜嗛噸鐐硅茶堪浠栫殑鐖辨儏鐢熸椿錛屽寘鎷鍑鐟熺惓錛堜酣鍒╁叓涓栧誨瓙錛岃タ鐝鐗欏叕涓伙級鍜屽０鍚嶇嫾鈃夌殑瀹夊Ξ-鍗氭灄錛堜酣鍒╁叓涓栫殑鎯呭囷級錛岃繕灝嗚仛鐒︿酣鍒╁叓涓栧湪浣嶆椂鏈钁楀悕鐨勪竴浜涙斂娌諱漢鐗╋紝濡傚摬瀛﹀舵墭椹鏂-鑾灝旓紙榪樿板緱涓瀛﹀巻鍙茶炬湰鍚э紝銆婁箤鎵橀偊銆嬬殑浣滆咃級錛岀孩琛ｄ富鏁欐矁灝旇タ錛堣嫳鏍煎叞褰撴椂鐨勫ぉ涓繪暀鍫傞嗚栵紝鍚庝笌緗楅┈鏁欏環鍐寵傦級錛岃惃紱忓厠鍏鐖電瓑浜ㄥ埄鍏涓栫殑瀵嗗弸銆

鏈鍓т粠寮濮嬩究鏈夌潃鏃犳暟鐨勪腑涓栫邯瀹寤風敓媧葷殑闀滃ご錛屼互鍙婂皵鉶炴垜璇堢殑瀹寤峰嬀鏂楀拰鍥介檯鏂椾簤錛屽墽鎯呯粷澶у氭暟婧愪簬鍘嗗彶璁拌澆錛屽苟闈炵編鍥界紪鍓т滑鏉滄挵鍑烘潵鐨勩

鍓ф儏涓鴻備紬榪樺師鍘嗗彶鐨勫悓鏃訛紝闀滃ご涓嬩紭緹庣殑涓涓栫邯鐢板洯椋庡厜錛屼互鍙婂崕涓界殑瀹寤峰竷鏅銆佹湇楗幫紝浜︽槸鏈鐗囩殑鐪嬬偣涔嬩竴銆

鍑烘紨璇ュ墽鐢蜂竴鍙鳳紙浜ㄥ埄鍏涓栵級鐨勬槸濂借幈鍧炵敺鏄熸呰舵柉錛屼腑鍥借備紬鐔熸倝鐨勭數褰便婇粍鐭崇殑瀛╁瓙銆嬬敺涓昏掍箣涓鐨勪箶娌-浣曞厠鐨勬壆婕旇呭氨鏄姊呰舵柉銆

閮介搸鐜嬫湞鐨勭粺娌繪椂闂翠粠1485騫磋嚦1603騫達紝鍘嗘椂118騫達紝鍏辯粡鍘嗕簡浜斾唬鍚涗富銆傚嬩簬浜ㄥ埄涓冧笘1485騫村叆涓昏嫳鏍煎叞銆佸▉灝斿＋鍜岀埍灝斿叞錛岀粨鏉熶簬1603騫翠紛涓借帋鐧戒竴涓栫殑鍘諱笘銆傝櫧鐒跺巻鏃朵笉闀匡紝浣嗛兘閾庣帇鏈濆勪簬鑻卞浗浠庡皝寤虹ぞ浼氬悜璧勬湰涓諱箟紺句細杞鍨嬭繖鏍蜂竴涓鍏抽敭鏃朵唬錛屽洜鑰屽叾瀹炴柦鐨勫悇欏規斂絳栦篃鏋佸叿鏃朵唬鐗硅壊銆

鍘嗕換緇熸不鑰咃細

浜ㄥ埄涓冧笘錛屼酣鍒┞烽兘閾庯紝浜ㄥ埄鍏涓栫殑渚勫瓙錛堢埗浜叉槸浜ㄥ埄鍏涓栧悓姣嶅紓鐖剁殑寮熷紵錛

浜ㄥ埄鍏涓栵紝浜ㄥ埄涓冧笘嬈″瓙

鐖卞痙鍗庡叚涓栵紝浜ㄥ埄鍏涓栫殑灝忓効瀛

綆路鏍奸浄錛屼酣鍒╀竷涓栧栧瓩濂崇殑濂沖効 鍦ㄤ綅鍙鏈変節澶╋紝涓鑸涓嶇畻浣滆嫳鍥藉コ鐜

鐜涗附涓涓栵紝浜ㄥ埄鍏涓栫殑濂沖効錛岀埍寰峰崕鍏涓栧悓鐖跺紓姣嶇殑濮愬

浼婁附鑾庣櫧涓涓栵紝浜ㄥ埄鍏涓栫殑濂沖効錛岀帥涓戒竴涓栧悓鐖跺紓姣嶇殑濡瑰

鐢辮繖綃囨枃絝犲歡浼稿嚭鐨勫悕鐢昏儗鍚庣殑鏁呬簨銆

銆婄畝-鏍奸浄澶勫垜銆嬭儗鍚庣殑鏁呬簨

澶ф搗鏃犺錛屽嵈鏈夐奔鍎誇負瀹冪紪鍒跺氬僵鐨勫浘妗堬紱澶у湴鏃犺錛屽嵈鏈変竾鐗╀負浠栬氨鍐欑敓鍛界殑涔愮珷錛涘ぉ絀烘棤璇錛屽嵈鏈夐笩鍎誇滑涓轟粬婕斿敱鐢熸椿鐨勭編濂姐備粯鍑哄悗鏈夊硅壇蹇冪殑鎱拌棄錛屾帴鍙楀悗鏈夊圭敓媧葷殑榪芥眰銆傜敓媧昏櫧鏃犺錛屽嵈鏈夌潃浠樺嚭涓庢帴鍙楃殑杞鍥烇紝鏈夌潃浠樺嚭涓庢帴鍙楁墍璋卞啓鐨勫姩鍚銆佺編濡欑殑鍗庝附涔愮珷!璇鋒妸鎻″ソ浠樺嚭涓庢帴鍙!鐖辨槸鐢熷懡鐨勭湡璋涳紝鎺ュ彈鏄鐖辯殑婧愭硥錛岃屼粯鍑哄垯鏄鐖辯殑鐏甸瓊銆備換浣曠殑鎺ュ彈涓庝粯鍑猴紝閮芥槸鎯呮劅鐨勯櫠鍐朵笌鍗囧崕銆

鍦ㄧ埛鐖風殑璋冩暀涓嬶紝涓涓涓涔栦箹鍦頒幾闀胯剸瀛愪緷嬈″挰閭ｆ嬁鍦ㄧ埛鐖鋒墜閲岀殑鍐扮硸钁鑺︺傚洜涓虹埛鐖峰槺鍜愭瘡浜哄彧鑳藉悆鍗婁釜錛屽惁鍒欎笅嬈′笉鍐嶄負鎴戜滑涔板悆鐨勩
澶忓ぉ鐨勫滅煭錛屾湀浜涓鐪ㄧ溂灝辯埇涓婁簡鏍戞ⅱ錛屾竻娓呯櫧鐧藉湴閾烘弧浜嗘潙搴勩傞粦銛変滑闈欓潤鍦拌洞鍦ㄦ爲褰遍噷錛屽畨鍒嗚屼笉鍐嶈亽鍣錛岄潚錏欏拰錡嬭焵姝よ搗褰間紡鍗村敱寰楁ｆ銆傚╁瓙浠涓変簲鎴愮兢鍦板湪鏍戜笅瀵葷潃鎷欑ㄧ殑銛夌尨錛屾墜鐢電瓛鐨勫厜鏌遍『鐫綺楄傜殑鏍戝共鐖涓婄埇涓嬨

3. 銆婂垵鎮嬮夋垜鎴戣秴鐢溿嬬櫨搴︿簯璧勬簮

浣犲ソ錛屾垜鏄澶ч奔鍎跨埍鍋氭ⅵ錛岀敤鐧懼害緗戠洏鍒嗕韓緇欎綘錛岀偣寮灝卞彲浠ヤ繚瀛橈紝閾炬帴姘鎬箙鏈夋晥^_^閾炬帴:

鎻愬彇鐮:4bjj